It also protects several vital organs of the chest, such as the heart, aorta, vena cava, and thymus gland that are located just deep to the sternum. It is a flat bone about six inches in length, around an inch wide, and only a fraction of an inch thick.
The manubrium is the widest and most superior region of the sternum. It forms joints with the clavicles and the first and second pairs of ribs through their costal cartilages. The clavicles meet the manubrium at the concave clavicular notches to form the sternoclavicular joint, the only point of skeletal attachment between the pectoral girdle of the shoulder and the axial skeleton of the thorax.
Slight indentations on the lateral sides of the manubrium provide attachment points for the costal cartilages of the ribs. At its inferior end, the manubrium meets the body of the sternum at the joint with the costal cartilage of the second ribs. This can often happen due to the overuse of a muscle from working out, playing sports, or even excessive coughing.
Initial treatment involves the RICE method , which stands for:. Over-the-counter pain medication may also help with pain and swelling. Severe injuries may need surgery. The most common cause of this is blunt force trauma from a car accident.
Other potential causes include falls and sports injuries. Treatment depends on how severe the injury is. It typically involves rest and pain relief while you heal. In more severe cases, surgery may be needed to put the bone back in place.
The sternoclavicular joint is the area where your collarbone meets your sternum. Although uncommon, sometimes you can develop joint problems in this area due to injury, arthritis, or infections.
Since your collarbone is connected to your sternum, injury to this bone may also lead to pain or discomfort around your sternum. Collarbone injuries often occur due to things like falls, accidents, or sports injuries. The most common causes of sternum pain are musculoskeletal issues. If you have lingering pain or discomfort in the area of your sternum, make an appointment to see your doctor. They can diagnose the cause of the pain and work with you to put together a treatment plan.
Remember that chest pain is also associated with health emergencies like a heart attack and pulmonary embolism. Examples include the bones that make up the wrists and the ankles. Flat bone — has a flattened, broad surface. Examples include ribs, shoulder blades, breast bone and skull bones. Irregular bone — has a shape that does not conform to the above three types. Examples include the bones of the spine vertebrae.
Bone tissue The different layers of bone tissue include: Periosteum — the dense, tough outer shell that contains blood vessels and nerves Compact or dense tissue — the hard, smooth layer that protects the tissue within Spongy or cancellous tissue — the porous, honeycombed material found inside most bones, which allows the bone to be strong yet lightweight Bone marrow — the jelly-like substance found inside the cavities of some bones including the pelvis that produces blood cells.
Bone marrow Bone marrow is where blood cells are made. The three different types of blood cell made by bone marrow include: Red blood cells — carry oxygen around the body.
Platelets — are used for clotting. Bone cells Our body is constantly remodelling its skeleton by building up and breaking down bone tissue as required. The bone cells involved in this process include: Osteoblasts — the cells that build bone tissue Osteocytes — the cells that maintain bone tissue by controlling the mineral and calcium content Osteoclasts — the cells that break down old bone tissue.
Bone density Many factors work together to ensure the strength and health of bones. Bone density relies on: A steady supply of dietary calcium Adequate vitamin D from sunshine and food A healthy diet with plenty of vitamins and minerals Various hormones including parathyroid hormone, growth hormone, calcitonin, oestrogen and testosterone Regular weight-bearing exercise. However, most cancers found in bone have spread from other organs such as the breast, prostate, lung or kidney.
Where to get help Your doctor Musculoskeletal Australia. It's easy to feel the bottom of this cage by running your fingers along the sides and front of your body, a few inches below your heart. If you breathe in deeply, you can easily feel your ribs right in the front of your body, too.
Some thin kids can even see a few of their ribs right through their skin. Your ribs come in pairs, and the left and right sides of each pair are exactly the same. Most people have 12 pairs of ribs, but some people are born with one or more extra ribs, and some people might have one pair less. All 12 pairs of ribs attach in the back to the spine, where they are held in place by the thoracic vertebrae.
The first seven pairs of ribs attach in the front to the sternum say: STUR-num , a strong bone in the center of your chest that holds those ribs in place. The remaining sets of ribs don't attach to the sternum directly. The next three pairs are held on with cartilage to the ribs above them. The very last two sets of ribs are called floating ribs because they aren't connected to the sternum or the ribs above them. But don't worry, these ribs can't ever float away.
Like the rest of the ribs, they are securely attached to the spine in the back. Your skull protects the most important part of all, the brain. You can feel your skull by pushing on your head, especially in the back a few inches above your neck.
The skull is actually made up of different bones. Some of these bones protect your brain, whereas others make up the structure of your face. If you touch beneath your eyes, you can feel the ridge of the bone that forms the hole where your eye sits. And although you can't see it, the smallest bone in your whole body is in your head, too. The stirrup bone behind your eardrum is only.
Want to know something else? Your lower jawbone is the only bone in your head you can move. It opens and closes to let you talk and chew food. Your skull is pretty cool, but it's changed since you were a baby. All babies are born with spaces between the bones in their skulls. This allows the bones to move, close up, and even overlap as the baby goes through the birth canal. As the baby grows, the space between the bones slowly closes up and disappears, and special joints called sutures say: SOO-churs connect the bones.
As you sit and type at the keyboard, while you swing on a swing, even when you pick up your lunch, you're using the bones in your fingers, hand, wrist, and arm. Each arm is attached to a shoulder blade or scapula say: SKA-pyuh-luh , a large triangular bone on the upper back corner of each side of the ribcage. The arm is made up of three bones: the humerus say: HYOO-muh-rus , which is above your elbow, and the radius say: RAY-dee-us and ulna say: UL-nuh , which are below the elbow.
Each of these bones is wider at the ends and skinnier in the middle, to help give it strength where it meets another bone. At the end of the radius and ulna are eight smaller bones that make up your wrist. Although these bones are small, they can really move! Twist your wrist around or wave and you'll see how the wrist can move. The center part of your hand is made up of five separate bones.
Each finger on your hand has three bones, except for your thumb, which has two. So between your wrists, hands, and all your fingers, you've got a grand total of 54 bones — all ready to help you grasp things, write your name, pick up the phone, or throw a softball!
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